Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of drugs that reduce blood glucose levels by increasing urinary glucose excretion. On top of the glucose-lowering effect, they offer cardiovascular and renal benefits, the mechanisms of which are probably pleiotropic and include blood pressure reduction, volume depletion, weight loss and several metabolic effects (such as lipolysis and synthesis of ketone bodies). SGLT2 inhibitors are currently indicated in Europe and the USA, as first- or second-line treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with established cardiovascular disease, high/very high cardiovascular risk, renal disease or heart failure. The use of dapagliflozin has recently been extended to patients with heart failure without T2DM, as new emerging data show benefits in this population. Despite an overall favourable safety profile, attention has to be paid to the increased risk of euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis and genital mycotic infections, as well as lower limb amputations and fractures, which have been inconsistently associated with SGLT2 inhibition. For the moment, cost related data for the Swiss setting is lacking but corresponding analyses from abroad suggest cost-effectiveness. Despite their numerous favourable cardiorenal implications, many physicians remain hesitant to use SGLT2 inhibitors. In this article, we present an up-to-date narrative literature review of the physiological mechanisms of action, current indications, therapeutic utility and side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.

AIMS: Statins decrease the risk of fatal CVD by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Guidelines suggest that statin treatment strategies should be guided by CV risk, but little is known about statin treatment in Swiss general practice. In this study, we aimed to investigate statin treatment and LDL target achievement rates, including their predictors, in patients treated by Swiss general practitioners (GPs).

METHODS: Retrospective observational study of statin-treated patients in 2018 using a general practice electronic medical records database. CV risk categories were defined according to the ESC guidelines published in 2016. We used multilevel logistic regression models to find associations between patient and GP demographic factors and LDL target achievement.

RESULTS: We analysed 11,779 statin-treated patients, of whom 59% were at a high or very high risk of fatal CVD. High-intensity statin treatment was used in 39% of patients, and LDL measurement was performed at least once in 54% of patients. Achievement of LDL target levels across CV risk categories was 36% in very high-risk, 56% in high-risk, and 66% in low-/moderate-risk patients, and generally higher for male patients.

CONCLUSIONS: Although over half of patients were at a high or very high risk of fatal CVD, the majority did not receive high-intensity statin treatment. Only a third of very high-risk patients achieved LDL target values, and there was a gender gap in LDL target achievement disadvantaging female patients. Results from this study suggest that current treatment may warrant reconsideration in a large proportion of patients treated with statins in Swiss general practice.